Чтобы осуществить задуманное, нам нужен вот такой Dockerfile.

FROM microsoft/windowsservercore:1709

LABEL Description="RabbitMQ" Vendor="Pivotal" Version="3.6.12"

# ERLANG_HOME: erlang will install to this location and rabbitmq will use this environment variable to locate it
# RABBITMQ_VERSION: rabbitmq version used in download url and to rename folder extracted from zip file
# RABBITMQ_CONFIG_FILE: tell rabbitmq where to find our custom config file
ENV ERLANG_HOME="c:\\erlang" \
    RABBITMQ_VERSION="3.6.12" \
    RABBITMQ_CONFIG_FILE="c:\\rabbitmq" \
    RABBITMQ_BASE="c:\\RabbitMQ-data"

VOLUME ["c:/RabbitMQ-data/db", "c:/RabbitMQ-data/log"]

# setup powershell options for RUN commands
SHELL ["powershell", "-Command", "$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'; $ProgressPreference = 'SilentlyContinue';"]

EXPOSE 5672 15672

# download and install erlang using silent install option, and remove installer when done
# download and extract rabbitmq, and remove zip file when done
# remove version from rabbitmq folder name
RUN Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "http://www.erlang.org/download/otp_win64_20.1.exe" -OutFile "c:\\erlang_install.exe" ; \
    Start-Process -Wait -FilePath "c:\\erlang_install.exe" -ArgumentList /S, /D=$env:ERLANG_HOME ; \
    Remove-Item -Force -Path "C:\\erlang_install.exe" ; \
    Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://www.rabbitmq.com/releases/rabbitmq-server/v$env:RABBITMQ_VERSION/rabbitmq-server-windows-$env:RABBITMQ_VERSION.zip" -OutFile "c:\\rabbitmq.zip" ; \
    Expand-Archive -Path "c:\\rabbitmq.zip" -DestinationPath "c:\\" ; \
    Remove-Item -Force -Path "c:\\rabbitmq.zip" ; \
    Rename-Item -Path "c:\\rabbitmq_server-$env:rabbitmq_version" -NewName "c:\\rabbitmq"

# create config file
RUN ["cmd", "/C", "echo [{rabbit, [{loopback_users, []}]}].> c:\\rabbitmq.config"]

# enable managment plugin
RUN c:\rabbitmq\sbin\rabbitmq-plugins.bat enable rabbitmq_management --offline

# run server when container starts - container will shutdown when this process ends
CMD c:\rabbitmq\sbin\rabbitmq-server.bat